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Compare Romania (2003) - New Caledonia (2003)

Compare Romania (2003) z New Caledonia (2003)

 Romania (2003)New Caledonia (2003)
 RomaniaNew Caledonia
Administrative divisions 41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 provinces named Iles Loyaute, Nord, and Sud
Age structure 0-14 years: 16.9% (male 1,932,204; female 1,838,240)


15-64 years: 69% (male 7,634,481; female 7,739,232)


65 years and over: 14% (male 1,290,343; female 1,837,339) (2003 est.)
0-14 years: 29.7% (male 31,990; female 30,695)


15-64 years: 64.2% (male 68,093; female 67,205)


65 years and over: 6.1% (male 6,016; female 6,799) (2003 est.)
Agriculture - products wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep vegetables; beef, deer, other livestock products
Airports 65 (2002) 30 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways total: 26


over 3,047 m: 5


2,438 to 3,047 m: 9


1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 (2002)
total: 9


over 3,047 m: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 6


under 914 m: 2 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 39


1,524 to 2,437 m: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 12


under 914 m: 25 (2002)
total: 21


914 to 1,523 m: 12


under 914 m: 9 (2002)
Area total: 237,500 sq km


land: 230,340 sq km


water: 7,160 sq km
total: 19,060 sq km


land: 18,575 sq km


water: 485 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Oregon slightly smaller than New Jersey
Background Soviet occupation following World War II led to the formation of a Communist "peoples republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former Communists dominated the government until 1996, when they were swept from power by a fractious coalition of centrist parties. Currently, the Social Democratic Party forms a nominally minority government, which governs with the support of the opposition Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania. Bucharest must address rampant corruption, while invigorating lagging economic and democratic reforms, before Romania can achieve its hope of joining the European Union. Settled by both Britain and France during the first half of the 19th century, the island was made a French possession in 1853. It served as a penal colony for four decades after 1864. Agitation for independence during the 1980s and early 1990s seems to have dissipated.
Birth rate 10.79 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) 19.45 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Budget revenues: $11.7 billion


expenditures: $12.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
revenues: $861.3 million


expenditures: $735.3 million, including capital expenditures of $52 million (1996 est.)
Capital Bucharest Noumea
Climate temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
Coastline 225 km 2,254 km
Constitution 8 December 1991 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Country name conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Romania


local long form: none


local short form: Romania
conventional long form: Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies


conventional short form: New Caledonia


local long form: Territoire des Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances


local short form: Nouvelle-Caledonie
Currency leu (ROL) Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF); note - may adopt the euro in 2003
Death rate 12.25 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) 5.63 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Debt - external $13.7 billion (2002 est.) $79 million (1998 est.)
Dependency status - overseas territory of France since 1956
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador Michael E. GUEST


embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest


mailing address: American Embassy Bucharest, Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)


telephone: [40] (21) 210-4042


FAX: [40] (21) 210-0395


branch office(s): Cluj-Napoca
none (overseas territory of France)
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Sorin Dumitru DUCARU


chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008


telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851


FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748


consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
none (overseas territory of France)
Disputes - international has not resolved claims to Ukrainian-administered Zmyinyy (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary despite ongoing talks based on 1997 friendship treaty to find a solution in two years; joint boundary commission is rectifying boundary with Bulgaria based on shifts in Danube since last delimitation in 1920; Hungary has yet to amend status law extending special social and cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Romania, who protest the law Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by France and Vanuatu
Economic aid - recipient - $880 million annual subsidy from France
Economy - overview Romania began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing three-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets. Despite the global slowdown in 2001-02, strong domestic activity in construction, agriculture, and consumption have kept growth above 4%. An IMF Standby Agreement, signed in 2001, has been accompanied by slow but palpable gains in privatization, deficit reduction, and the curbing of inflation. Nonetheless, recent macroeconomic gains have done little to address Romania's widespread poverty, while corruption and red tape hinder foreign investment. New Caledonia has about 25% of the world's known nickel resources. Only a small amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and food accounts for about 20% of imports. In addition to nickel, substantial financial support from France - equal to more than one-fourth of GDP - and tourism are keys to the health of the economy. Substantial new investment in the nickel industry, combined with the recovery of global nickel prices, brightens the economic outlook for the next several years.
Electricity - consumption 46.1 billion kWh (2001) 1.5 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports 1.6 billion kWh (2001) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports 400 million kWh (2001) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - production 50.86 billion kWh (2001) 1.613 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel: 62.5%


hydro: 27.6%


nuclear: 9.9%


other: 0% (2001)
fossil fuel: 76.3%


hydro: 23.7%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2001)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Black Sea 0 m


highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m


highest point: Mont Panie 1,628 m
Environment - current issues soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands erosion caused by mining exploitation and forest fires
Environment - international agreements party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
-
Ethnic groups Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002) Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%
Exchange rates lei per US dollar - 33,055.4 (2002), 29,060.8 (2001), 21,708.7 (2000), 15,332.8 (1999), 8,875.58 (1998) Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US dollar - 135.04 (January 2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93 (1999), 107.25 (1998)
Executive branch chief of state: President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 December 2000)


head of government: Prime Minister Adrian NASTASE (since 29 December 2000)


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister


elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 26 November 2000, with runoff between the top two candidates held 10 December 2000 (next to be held NA November/December 2004); prime minister appointed by the president


election results: percent of vote - Ion ILIESCU 66.84%, Corneliu Vadim TUDOR 33.16%
chief of state: President of France Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995), represented by High Commissioner Daniel CONSTANTIN (since 3 July 2002)


head of government: President of the Government Pierre FROGIER (since 5 April 2001)


cabinet: Consultative Committee


elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; high commissioner appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the government elected by the members of the Territorial Congress; note - last election held 28 November 2002 when Pierre FROGIER was reelected
Exports NA (2001) NA (2001)
Exports - commodities textiles and footwear, metals and metal products, machinery and equipment, minerals and fuels ferronickels, nickel ore, fish
Exports - partners Italy 24.4%, Germany 15.5%, France 7.7%, UK 5.4%, US 5%, Turkey 4.4% (2002) Japan 20.6%, France 20.4%, Taiwan 16.3%, South Africa 11.3%, Spain 7.7%, South Korea 5.4%, Australia 5.4%, Italy 5.3% (2002)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed; now similar to the flag of Chad, also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova the flag of France is used
GDP purchasing power parity - $169.3 billion (2002 est.) purchasing power parity - $3 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 15%


industry: 35%


services: 50% (2001)
agriculture: 5%


industry: 30%


services: 65% (1997 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $7,600 (2002 est.) purchasing power parity - $14,000 (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 4.9% (2002 est.) NA
Geographic coordinates 46 00 N, 25 00 E 21 30 S, 165 30 E
Geography - note controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine consists of the main island of New Caledonia (one of the largest in the Pacific Ocean), the archipelago of Iles Loyaute, and numerous small, sparsely populated islands and atolls
Heliports 1 (2002) 5 (2002)
Highways total: 198,603 km


paved: 98,308 km (including 113 km of expressways)


unpaved: 100,295 km (2000)
total: 4,825 km


paved: 2,287 km


unpaved: 2,538 km (1999)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: 3.2%


highest 10%: 25% (1998)
lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Illicit drugs major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe -
Imports NA (2001) NA (2001)
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment 23%, fuels and minerals 12%, chemicals 9%, textile and products 19% (1999) machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs
Imports - partners Italy 20.2%, Germany 18.1%, France 6.6%, Russia 5.6%, Austria 4.9%, Hungary 4.1% (2002) France 52.8%, Australia 12.7%, Singapore 9.8% (2002)
Independence 9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from Turkey; independence recognized 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin; kingdom proclaimed 26 March 1881; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947) none (overseas territory of France); note - a referendum on independence was held in 1998 but did not pass; a new referendum is scheduled for 2014
Industrial production growth rate 6% (2002) -0.6% (1996)
Industries textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining nickel mining and smelting
Infant mortality rate total: 18.4 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 20.31 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 16.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
total: 8.06 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 8.76 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 7.31 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 22.5% (2002 est.) -0.6% (2000 est.)
International organization participation ACCT, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, G- 9, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MONUC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC ESCAP (associate), FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WFTU, WMO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 38 (2000) 1 (2000)
Irrigated land 28,800 sq km (1998 est.) 160 sq km (1991)
Judicial branch Supreme Court of Justice (judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistrates) Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; County Courts; Joint Commerce Tribunal Court; Children's Court
Labor force 9.9 million (1999 est.) 79,395 (including 15,018 unemployed, 1996)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 40%, industry 25%, services 35% (1998) agriculture 7%, industry 23%, services 70% (1999 est.)
Land boundaries total: 2,508 km


border countries: Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia and Montenegro 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km
0 km
Land use arable land: 40.57%


permanent crops: 2.4%


other: 57.03% (1998 est.)
arable land: 0.38%


permanent crops: 0.33%


other: 99.29% (1998 est.)
Languages Romanian (official), Hungarian, German French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects
Legal system former mixture of civil law system and communist legal theory; is now based on the constitution of France's Fifth Republic the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands; formerly under French law
Legislative branch bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (140 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Adunarea Deputatilor (345 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms)


elections: Senate - last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held in the fall of 2004); Chamber of Deputies - last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held in the fall of 2004)


election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PDSR (now PSD) 37.1%, PRM 21.0%, PD 7.6%, PNL 7.5%, UDMR 6.9%; seats by party - PSD 65, PRM 36, PNL 13, UDMR 12, PD 9, independents 5; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PDSR (now PSD) 36.6%, PRM 19.5%, PD 7.0%, PNL, 6.9%, UDMR 6.8%; seats by party - PSD 171, PRM 69, PD 29, PNL 27, UDMR 27, ethnic minorities 18, independents 4
unicameral Territorial Congress or Congres Territorial (54 seats; members are members of the three Provincial Assemblies or Assemblees Provinciales elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: last held 9 May 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)


election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPCR 24, FLNKS 12, UNI 6, FCCI 4, FN 4, Alliance pour la Caledonie 3, LKS 1


note: New Caledonia elects 1 seat to the French Senate; elections last held 24 September 2001 (next to be held NA September 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; New Caledonia also elects 2 seats to the French National Assembly; elections last held 9 and 16 June 2002 (next to be held by June 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP 2
Life expectancy at birth total population: 70.62 years


male: 66.88 years


female: 74.59 years (2003 est.)
total population: 73.52 years


male: 70.57 years


female: 76.62 years (2003 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 98.4%


male: 99.1%


female: 97.7% (2003 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 91%


male: 92%


female: 90% (1976 est.)
Location Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Australia
Map references Europe Oceania
Maritime claims contiguous zone: 24 NM


continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation


exclusive economic zone: 200 NM


territorial sea: 12 NM
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM


territorial sea: 12 NM
Merchant marine total: 61 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 494,670 GRT/650,863 DWT


ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 39, container 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 4, railcar carrier 2, roll on/roll off 4


note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Greece 1, Italy 5 (2002 est.)
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,261 GRT/1,600 DWT


ships by type: cargo 1


note: includes a foreign-owned ship registered here as a flag of convenience: Malaysia 1 (2002 est.)
Military - note - defense is the responsibility of France
Military branches Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (AMR), Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense, Border Guards no regular indigenous military forces; French Armed Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie); Police Force
Military expenditures - dollar figure $985 million (2002) $192.3 million (FY96)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 2.47% (2002) 5.3% (FY96)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49: 5,912,284 (2003 est.) -
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49: 4,974,240 (2003 est.) -
Military manpower - military age 20 years of age (2003 est.) -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males: 157,840 (2003 est.) -
National holiday Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918) Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Nationality noun: Romanian(s)


adjective: Romanian
noun: New Caledonian(s)


adjective: New Caledonian
Natural hazards earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides cyclones, most frequent from November to March
Natural resources petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper
Net migration rate -0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Pipelines gas 3,508 km; oil 2,427 km (2003) -
Political parties and leaders Democratic Party or PD [Traian BASESCU]; Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal Party or PNL [Theodor STOLOJAN]; Romania Mare Party (Greater Romanian Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Adrian NASTASE], formerly known as the Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR Alliance pour la Caledonie or APLC [Didier LE ROUX]; Federation des Comites de Coordination des Independantistes or FCCI [Francois BURCK]; Front National or FN [Guy GEORGE]; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak or FULK [Ernest UNE]; Kanak Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS [leader NA] (includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM); Parti de Liberation Kanak or PALIKA [Paul NEAOUTYINE and Elie POIGOUNE]; Rally for Caledonia in the Republic (anti independent) or RPCR [Jacques LAFLEUR]; Union Nationale pour l'Independance or UNI [Paul NEAOUTYINE]; note - may no longer exist, but Paul NEAOUTYINE has since become a president of Parti de Liberation Kanak or PALIKA; Union Progressiste Melanesienne or UPM [Victor TUTUGORO]
Political pressure groups and leaders various human rights and professional associations NA
Population 22,271,839 (July 2003 est.) 210,798 (July 2003 est.)
Population below poverty line 44.5% (2000) NA%
Population growth rate -0.21% (2003 est.) 1.38% (2003 est.)
Ports and harbors Braila, Constanta, Galati, Mangalia, Sulina, Tulcea Mueo, Noumea, Thio
Radio broadcast stations AM 40, FM 202, shortwave 3 (1998) AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (1998)
Railways total: 11,385 km (3,888 km electrified)


standard gauge: 10,898 km 1.435-m gauge


broad gage: 60 km 1.524-m gauge


narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (2002)
0 km
Religions Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 87%, Protestant 6.8%, Catholic 5.6%, other (mostly Muslim) 0.4%, unaffiliated 0.2% (2002) Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10%
Sex ratio at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female


total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female


total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: poor domestic service, but improving


domestic: 90% of telephone network is automatic; trunk network is mostly microwave radio relay, with some fiber-optic cable; about one-third of exchange capacity is digital; roughly 3,300 villages have no service


international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; new digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest; note - Romania is an active participant in several international telecommunication network projects (1999)
general assessment: NA


domestic: NA


international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 3.777 million (1997) 47,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular 645,500 (1999) 13,040 (1998)
Television broadcast stations 48 (plus 392 repeaters) (1995) 6 (plus 25 low-power repeaters) (1997)
Terrain central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps coastal plains with interior mountains
Total fertility rate 1.36 children born/woman (2003 est.) 2.39 children born/woman (2003 est.)
Unemployment rate 8.3% (2002) 19% (1996)
Waterways 1,724 km (1984) none
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